Governance System

A. Understanding Governance System
The term governance system is a combination of two words, namely: "the system" and "government". Means the overall system consisting of several parts that have a functional relationship between the parts and functional relations of the whole, so that these relationships create a dependency between the parts that result if one part is not working properly will affect the whole. And governance in the broadest sense has the understanding that all things are done in running the state welfare and interests of the country itself. From that sense, it literally means the system of government as a form of relations among state institutions in carrying out the powers of state for the country's own interests in order to realize the welfare of its people.
According to Moh. Mahfud MD, is the state government system and work mechanism of coordination or the relationship between the three branches of power that is legislative, executive and judiciary (Moh. Mahfud MD, 2001: 74). Thus, it can be concluded the system is a system of state governance and administration of the relationship between state institutions in the framework of state administration.

B. Kinds of Government System
There are several systems of government adopted by the countries in the world, such as systems that are often shared by the state of democracy is a system of presidential and parliamentary systems. In the study of science and political science itself recognized the existence of three systems of government: Presidential, Parliamentary, and referendums.

a) Presidential System
In a presidential system in general can be summed have characteristics as follows:
1. Heads of State and the Head of Government (executive).
2. The government is not accountable to the parliament (DPR). The government and parliament have equal status.
3. Executive and Legislative are equally strong.
4. Appointed ministers and accountable to the President.
5. Tenure of President and Vice President, such as 5 years.


b) Parliamentary System
While the parliamentary system of principles or characteristics are as follows:

1. The head of state is not located as head of government because he is more a national symbol.
2. Government carried out by a Cabinet headed by a prime minister.
3. Executive position weaker than the parliament.
4. Cabinet responsible to Parliament, and can be imposed through a vote of parliament.

To overcome the weakness of the parliamentary system that seemed easy ups and downs, the Cabinet can ask the Head of State to dissolve the parliament (DPR) with very strong reasons that are not considered representative parliament.

c) System of referendum
In the referendum system of executive agencies are part of the legislature. Executive agencies that are part of the legislative body is the legislative body of workers. This system means that the legislative body to form a sub in it as a governmental task. Control of the legislature in this system is done directly by the people through referendum institutions.
Legislators in the system is decided directly by the people through two mechanisms, namely:

1. Obligatoir referendum, which approved a referendum to determine whether or not by the people about the validity of a regulation or law to the new. This referendum is a referendum mandatory.
2. Facultative referendum, the referendum to determine whether a regulation or law existing to continue to apply fixed or should be revoked. This is a referendum Referundum not compulsory.
3. In practice the system is often used by countries is the presidential system or parliamentary system. As with Indonesia, which had implemented the two systems.

Before the 1945 changes adopted usia presidential system, but its application is not pure or can say "quasi-presidential". Menginggat president is as a consequence the Assembly mandate shall be responsible to the People's Consultative Assembly (parliament), but After the 1945 change in Indonesia is adopting a purely presidential government because the president no longer responsible to the People's Consultative Assembly (parliament).